"History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes." That quote gets thrown around a lot for a reason. When it comes to investing, looking back at what went wrong may help you make better choices going forward.

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009 was a major shake-up. Stock markets crashed, big banks went under, and the world’s economy took a massive hit. For investors, it was a real wake-up call. It showed just how risky things can get, how much our emotions influence money decisions , and why having a solid plan can make all the difference.

More than a decade later, the lessons are still being felt. But before we get into those, let’s take a look at what actually caused the crisis and how things changed because of it.

What caused the Global Financial Crisis?

At the centre of the GFC was a mix of dodgy loans, complicated financial products, and a whole lot of overconfidence.

Back in the early 2000s, the US housing market was booming. Interest rates were low and banks were handing out home loans to pretty much anyone, even people with poor credit. These loans – called "subprime" mortgages – were then bundled up into financial products called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralised debt obligations (CDOs).

These products were sold to investors all over the world and often came with a triple-A rating, even though they were anything but safe. When US house prices started falling in 2006, many homeowners couldn’t keep up with repayments. As defaults piled up, those complicated financial products started to unravel.

Banks suffered huge losses. Investment banking giant Lehman Brothers collapsed. Panic spread. Credit dried up. The global economy was in deep trouble almost overnight.

What were the long-lasting impacts of the GFC?

The GFC was no minor blip. It changed the global economy and reshaped how many people think about investing.

Massive economic contraction

The GFC led to one of the worst global recessions since World War II. Trade slowed down, unemployment soared, and economic growth tanked. Australia dodged a technical recession, but things were still rough for a lot of people.

A new era of monetary policy

To soften the blow, central banks cut interest rates to nearly zero. Many, including the US Federal Reserve, started pumping money into the system through a method called quantitative easing.

This kicked off a long stretch of ultra-low interest rates, which made it harder to earn decent returns from traditional safe investments like savings accounts or government bonds .

Stricter financial regulation

Governments and regulators introduced a raft of new rules to keep the financial system safer.

In the US, the Dodd-Frank Act cracked down on risky bank behaviour. Internationally, the Basel III rules increased capital requirements for banks to help them absorb future shocks.

In Australia, the government started guaranteeing deposits up to $250,000 under the Financial Claims Scheme to maintain confidence in the banking system and prevent a run on local banks.

A shift in investor behaviour

After the chaos of the GFC, many everyday investors became more cautious. Diversification became more popular. More people turned to low-cost index funds and ETFs for transparency and peace of mind.

How did the causes of the GFC differ from those of the Great Depression?

While both events caused massive economic pain, they were sparked by different things and happened in different contexts.

The Great Depression started with the 1929 stock market crash and was made worse by speculation, limited regulation, and government missteps. These include raising interest rates and cutting spending when many economists believe they should’ve done the opposite.

The GFC, by contrast, was driven by complicated financial products tied to US housing. It wasn’t a stock market issue at first. It was a housing and credit mess that quickly turned into a global financial nightmare.

One big difference? Governments and central banks in 2008 acted quickly to limit the damage. They’d learned from the 1930s and weren’t going to make the same mistakes.

What lessons did investors learn from the Global Financial Crisis?

The GFC was painful, but it taught investors some crucial lessons that still apply today:

Diversification has its benefits

Putting all your eggs in one basket is risky. The GFC showed how spreading investments across different asset classes and regions can help soften the blow when things go south.

Leverage amplifies risk

Borrowing to invest can make gains bigger, but it can make losses worse, too. Plenty of investors who used debt got wiped out when prices fell. These days, people tend to be a bit more cautious with leverage.

Liquidity matters

Some investors were stuck with assets they couldn’t sell when markets froze. Having part of your portfolio in cash or easily tradable investments can be helpful during a crisis.

Understand what you’re investing in

If something sounds complicated and too good to be true, it probably is. Many people got burned by products they didn’t fully understand. Keeping things simple and transparent can go a long way.

Volatility is normal

Markets go up and down . That’s part of the deal. But after the crash, markets eventually bounced back. Those who stayed invested – or even bought more when prices were low – were often better off in the long run.

Keep emotions in check

Panic and greed are a recipe for poor decisions. Selling at the bottom or chasing "safe" assets at inflated prices usually doesn’t end well. Having a plan and sticking with it helps keep emotions in check.

Expect the unexpected

Black swan events like the GFC can and do happen. Building a resilient portfolio, keeping an emergency fund , and stress-testing your plans can help you weather unexpected storms.

A turning point for global markets

The Global Financial Crisis was tough, no doubt. But it left us with some powerful lessons. It reminded us that the market’s a wild ride, and while we can’t control the ups and downs, we can control how we respond.

At Pearler, we believe investing should be long-term, thoughtful, and grounded in real-life goals. The GFC showed us that being prepared, staying calm, and keeping things simple can make all the difference.

So whether you're just starting out or have been at it for years, let those lessons guide you. Keep it diversified. Make sure you understand what you’re investing in . Stick to your plan. Reach out to a licensed financial adviser if you ever need support.

Happy investing!